Highlights • COVID-19 outbreaks coincided with each winter when population vitamin D levels are lowest. • In 2021, the COVID-19 vaccine reduced SARS-CoV-2 hospitalizations; however, with emerging mutants and immune evasion, the rate of infection and hospitalization increased from late 2021. • The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and bivalent vaccines against Omicron significantly reduced from late 2022 due to new mutants and immune evasion causing outbreaks. • Vitamin D is a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant, which helps negate the adverse effects of viruses and vaccines. • Exploring alternative cost-effective therapies, like vitamin D and ivermectin, is essential to prepare for future pandemics.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Vitamin D, mutations, immune system, omicron, 25(OH)D, Adjunt therapies,