Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab for COVID-19 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Hematologic Patients—A Tailored Approach Based on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response

Patients with hematologic malignancies still face a significant risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-neutralizing monoclonal antibody combination tixagevimab/cilgavimab (TIX/CGB) could be administered to immunocompromised patients for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) before the emergence of TIX/CGB-resistant COVID-19 Omicron variants. TIX/CGB application could be carried out regardless of the host’s immune response to previous active SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations or infections. Because the efficacy of COVID-19 PrEP remains unclear, especially in SARS-CoV-2-seropositive patients, German national guidelines recommended TIX/CGB PrEP only for SARS-CoV-2-seronegative patients in addition to an intensified active vaccination schedule. Having followed these guidelines, we now report the characteristics and outcomes of 54 recipients of TIX/CGB PrEP in SARS-CoV-2-seronegative patients with hematological disease from a German tertiary medical center and compare them to 125 seropositive patients who did not receive any PrEP. While the number of patients with B-cell lymphomas was significantly higher in the seronegative cohort (33 (61%) vs. 18 (14%) cases, p < 0.01), patients with myeloid diseases were significantly more frequent in the seropositive cohort (51 (41%) vs. 5 (9%) cases, p < 0.01). Strikingly, patients who had undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were significantly more likely (forty-nine (39%) vs. six (11%) cases, p < 0.01) to be SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. We observed that prophylactic application of TIX/CGB PrEP to a highly vulnerable group of SARS-CoV-2-seronegative patients resulted in a similar number of COVID-19 breakthrough infections compared to the untreated seropositive control group (16 (32%) vs. 39 (36%), p = 0.62) and comparable COVID-19-related outcomes like hospitalization and oxygen requirement throughout an extended follow-up period of 12 months. In conclusion, our results support the tailored approach of administering TIX/CGB PrEP only to SARS-CoV-2-seronegative patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and might provide a rationale for similar strategies during future outbreaks/diseases, especially in times of initial limited availability and/or financial constraints.