mRNA vaccines have become a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. During vaccination, naked or vehicle loaded mRNA vaccines efficiently express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitate APC activation and innate/adaptive immune stimulation. mRNA cancer vaccine precedes other conventional vaccine platforms due to high potency, safe administration, rapid development potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. However, mRNA vaccine applications have been limited by instability, innate immunogenicity, and inefficient in vivo delivery. Appropriate mRNA structure modifications (i.e., codon optimizations, nucleotide modifications, self-amplifying mRNAs, etc.) and formulation methods (i.e., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, peptides, etc.) have been investigated to overcome these issues. Tuning the administration routes and co-delivery of multiple mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) have further boosted the host anti-tumor immunity and increased the likelihood of tumor cell eradication. With the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of LNP-loaded mRNA vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the promising therapeutic outcomes of mRNA cancer vaccines achieved in several clinical trials against multiple aggressive solid tumors, we envision the rapid advancing of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy in the near future. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent progress and existing challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines and future considerations of applying mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapies.
【저자키워드】 Cancer immunotherapy, mRNA delivery, Cancer vaccine, Self-amplifying mRNA (SAM), Ionizable lipids, Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), Personalized vaccine, 【초록키워드】 vaccination, clinical trial, mRNA vaccine, Cancer, drug, outcome, FDA, inhibitors, polymers, mRNA, therapeutic, peptides, vaccine platform, in vivo, platform, Lipid nanoparticle, food, nucleotide, administration, mRNAs, solid tumors, antigen-presenting cell, Safe, APCS, Activation, immunotherapies, approval, modifications, Express, Modification, tuning, immune stimulation, Host, likelihood, anti-tumor immunity, prevention of COVID-19, investigated, facilitate, provide, overcome, inefficient, APC, Appropriate, tumor antigen, tumor cell, 【제목키워드】 mRNA vaccine,