Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is currently unknown whether immunosuppressive drugs are advantageous or detrimental in patients with COVID-19. Immunosuppressive drugs could be harmful in the initial phase of COVID-19. In this phase, the host immune response is necessary to inhibit viral replication. However, immunosuppressive drugs might have a beneficial effect in the later, more severe phase of COVID-19. In this phase, an overshoot of the host immune response (the “cytokine storm”) can cause ARDS, multiorgan failure and mortality. Aim To summarize the available evidence on the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on infection with SARS-CoV-2. The effects of immunosuppressive drugs on similar pandemic coronaviruses may resemble the effects on SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we also included studies on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Methods The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020181137). We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies with a control group and case-control studies concerning humans ≥ 18 years old. We also included in-vitro studies and animal studies with a control group. Results and Conclusion Sixty-nine studies were included. Interestingly, MPA inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in-vitro . Clinical studies are needed to confirm the inhibitory effect of MPA on SARS-CoV-2 replication in-vivo . There are indications that corticosteroids and IL-6 inhibitors, like tocilizumab, can reduce mortality and prevent mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. However, observational studies have contradictory results and the risk of bias is high. Thus, these results have to be confirmed in high-quality clinical trials before these drugs can be implemented as standard care. Based on the positive results of CNIs, mTOR inhibitors and thiopurine analogues in in-vitro studies with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it would be interesting to investigate their effects on SARS-CoV-2 replication.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, mycophenolic acid, 【초록키워드】 Corticosteroid, Randomized controlled trial, Coronavirus disease 2019, ARDS, coronavirus, clinical trial, pandemic, Mortality, Study protocol, mechanical ventilation, Tocilizumab, SARS-CoV, Human, drug, MERS-CoV, observational study, cohort study, Host immune response, viral replication, clinical, SARS-CoV-2 replication, case-control study, RCTs, Evidence, detrimental, In-vitro, Middle East, IL-6 inhibitors, acute respiratory syndrome, control group, standard care, positive result, indication, multiorgan failure, inhibitory effect, Registered, respiratory syndrome coronavirus, analogue, Effect, mTOR inhibitor, Prevent, reduce mortality, initial, Result, caused, inhibit, concerning, “cytokine storm”, immunosuppressive drug, infection with SARS-CoV-2, overshoot, patients with COVID-19, risk of bia, 【제목키워드】 review, drug,