SARS-coronavirus-2–induced immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses are involved in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, very little is known about immune cell and cytokine alterations in specific organs of COVID-19 patients. Here, we evaluated immune cells and cytokines in postmortem tissues, i.e., lungs, intestine, liver, kidneys, and spleen of three patients with COVID-19. Imaging mass cytometry revealed monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell (DC) infiltration in the lung, intestine, kidney, and liver tissues. Moreover, in patients with COVID-19, natural killer T cells infiltrated the liver, lungs, and intestine, whereas B cells infiltrated the kidneys, lungs, and intestine. CD11b + macrophages and CD11c + DCs also infiltrated the lungs and intestine, a phenomenon that was accompanied by overproduction of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. However, CD11b + macrophages and CD11c + DCs in the lungs or intestine of COVID-19 patients did not express human leukocyte antigen DR isotype. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression was higher in the lungs, intestine, liver, and kidneys, but not in the spleen, of all COVID-19 patients (compared to levels in controls). Collectively, these findings suggested that IL-10 and TNF-α as immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory agents, respectively,—might be prognostic and could serve as therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, Inflammatory response, immune dysregulation, imaging mass cytometry (IMC), organ specific response, 【초록키워드】 Necrosis, Macrophage, coronavirus, Pathogenesis, lung, cytokine, Antigen, monocyte, kidney, B cell, T cell, imaging, Lungs, intestine, IL-10, prognostic, expression, liver, dendritic cell, spleen, COVID-19 patients, TNF-α, CD11b, infiltration, Immune cell, immunosuppressive, COVID-19 patient, Cytometry, therapeutic target, leukocyte, natural killer, alteration, kidneys, organ, CD11c, pro-inflammatory, controls, involved, evaluated, suggested, not express, accompanied, immunosuppressive cytokine, liver tissues, patients with COVID-19, postmortem tissues, 【제목키워드】 response, imaging, Postmortem, mass, Multiple,