Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significant gaps in the current understanding of whether SARS-CoV-2 attacks the CNS directly or through activation of the peripheral immune system and immune cell infiltration. Although the modality of neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 has not been thoroughly investigated, the latest studies have observed that SARS-CoV-2 induces neuroinflammation and may have severe long-term consequences. Here we review the literature on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced-neuroinflammation. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with increased cytokine levels, chemokines, and free radicals in the SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenic response at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption allows immune/inflammatory cell infiltration into the CNS activating immune resident cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation, which may lead to neuronal death. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help gain substantial knowledge about the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurological changes and plan possible therapeutic intervention strategies.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, oxidative stress, Neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier, CNS, neuronal death, 【초록키워드】 Coronavirus disease 2019, coronavirus, Respiratory failure, fatigue, Pneumonia, knowledge, chemokines, Infectious disease, immune system, immune, Immune cell infiltration, innate immune system, Consequences, Fever, death, molecular, microglia, change, mechanism, cytokine levels, astrocytes, infiltration, neurological, clinical manifestation, free radical, acute respiratory syndrome, Activation, dry cough, help, therapeutic intervention, pathogenic, neurological impairment, attack, Cell, highlight, caused, include, involved, investigated, induce, cellular and molecular, activating, cellular mechanism, neuronal, with COVID-19, 【제목키워드】 Impact,