Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heteroplasmy is the dynamically determined co-expression of wild type (WT) inherited polymorphisms and collective time-dependent somatic mutations within individual mtDNA genomes. The temporal expression and distribution of cell-specific and tissue-specific mtDNA heteroplasmy in healthy individuals may be functionally associated with intracellular mitochondrial signaling pathways and nuclear DNA gene expression. The maintenance of endogenously regulated tissue-specific copy numbers of heteroplasmic mtDNA may represent a sensitive biomarker of homeostasis of mitochondrial dynamics, metabolic integrity, and immune competence. Myeloid cells, monocytes, macrophages, and antigen-presenting dendritic cells undergo programmed changes in mitochondrial metabolism according to innate and adaptive immunological processes. In the central nervous system (CNS), the polarization of activated microglial cells is dependent on strategically programmed changes in mitochondrial function. Therefore, variations in heteroplasmic mtDNA copy numbers may have functional consequences in metabolically competent mitochondria in innate and adaptive immune processes involving the CNS. Recently, altered mitochondrial function has been demonstrated in the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Accordingly, our review is organized to present convergent lines of empirical evidence that potentially link expression of mtDNA heteroplasmy by functionally interactive CNS cell types to the extent and severity of acute and chronic post-COVID-19 neurological disorders.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, gut microbiome, Central nervous system, mitochondrial DNA, 【초록키워드】 coronavirus disease, Monocytes, coronavirus, Biomarker, Gene Expression, macrophages, adaptive, severity, Variation, Infection, polymorphism, progression, immune, cells, genomes, signaling pathway, distribution, Neurological disorders, CNS, expression, wild type, myeloid, homeostasis, Evidence, mitochondrial, cell type, somatic mutation, acute respiratory syndrome, Mitochondrial function, co-expression, immunological, mitochondrial metabolism, undergo, activated, changes in, dependent on, demonstrated, regulated, competent, in healthy individual, antigen-presenting dendritic cell, functional consequence, microglial cell, nuclear DNA, organized, 【제목키워드】 metabolic, reservoir, Heteroplasmy, with COVID-19,