The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that poses a major threat to global public health. Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, causing severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in severe cases, it can also result in multiple extrapulmonary complications. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary damage in patients with COVID-19 is probably multifactorial, involving both the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 and the indirect mechanisms associated with the host inflammatory response. Recognition of features and pathogenesis of extrapulmonary complications has clinical implications for identifying disease progression and designing therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19 from immunological and pathophysiologic perspectives and focuses on the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for the management of COVID-19.
【저자키워드】 Infectious diseases, Respiratory tract diseases, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, coronavirus disease, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus disease 2019, coronavirus, Pathogenesis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus, Disease progression, management, Therapeutic strategies, severe cases, Complication, complications, Respiratory system, severe pneumonia, respiratory, disease, acute respiratory distress, respiratory distress, acute respiratory syndrome, Recognition, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, global public health, Perspective, syndrome, potential therapeutic targets, host inflammatory response, complications of COVID-19, potential therapeutic target, clinical implications, multifactorial, Effect, Affect, immunological, feature, indirect mechanism, caused, provide, clinical implication, pathophysiologic, patients with COVID-19, 【제목키워드】 therapeutic, Complication, mechanism,