Chronic immune activation has been considered as the driving force for CD4 + T cell depletion in people infected with HIV-1. Interestingly, the normal immune profile of adult HIV-negative individuals living in Africa also exhibit chronic immune activation, reminiscent of that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals. It is characterized by increased levels of soluble immune activation markers, such as the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and cellular activation markers including HLA-DR, CD-38, CCR5, coupled with reduced naïve and increased memory cells in CD4 + and CD8 + subsets. In addition, it is accompanied by low CD4 + T cell counts when compared to Europeans. There is also evidence that mononuclear cells from African infants secrete less innate cytokines than South and North Americans and Europeans in vitro . Chronic immune activation in Africans is linked to environmental factors such as parasitic infections and could be responsible for previously observed immune hypo-responsiveness to infections and vaccines. It is unclear whether the immunogenicity and effectiveness of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will also be reduced by similar mechanisms. A review of studies investigating this phenomenon is urgently required as they should inform the design and delivery for vaccines to be used in African populations.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine, Africa, Helminths, chronic immune activation, hyporesponsiveness, 【초록키워드】 Vaccines, Infection, Immune profile, cytokine, in vitro, CD4, CD8, immune, Infant, T cell, immune activation, African, HIV-1, Effectiveness, mechanisms, IL-10, CCR5, HLA-DR, TNF-α, marker, Evidence, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, memory cell, chronic, mononuclear cell, HIV-negative, infected individuals, individual, Europeans, naïve, T cell depletion, South, North, driving, cellular activation, environmental factor, populations, European, responsible, addition, required, reduced, characterized, less, American, accompanied, innate cytokine, secrete, 【제목키워드】 CD4, African, chronic,