Graphical abstract The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called “cytokine storm”, developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.
【저자키워드】 coronavirus, therapy, COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ATP, SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome, IL, interleukin, SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, P2X7, adenosine, IGG, immunoglobulin g, IGM, immunoglobulin m, WHO, World Health Organization, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CT, Computed tomography, ICU, Intensive care unit, ACh, Acetylcholine, CNS, Central Nervous System, FDA, Food and Drug Administration, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, NK, natural killer, RNA, Ribonucleic acid, GVHD, Graft-versus-host disease, RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, ROS, reactive oxygen species, IPF, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, purinergic signaling, A1, adenosine 1 receptor, A2A, adenosine 2A receptor, A2B, adenosine 2B receptor, A3, adenosine 3 receptor, ACE2, angiotensin II-converting enzyme, ADA, adenosine deaminase, Ado, adenosine nucleoside, ADP, adenosine diphosphate, AEC, alveolar epithelial cell, AK, adenosine kinase, ALP, alkaline phosphatases, AM, alveolar macrophages, AMP, adenosine monophosphate, APC, antigen presenting cell, ATP, adenosine triphosphate, CCL, chemokine ligand with CC motif, CD, cluster of differentiation, CLR, C-type lectin receptor, CNT, concentrated nucleoside transporters, COVID-19, coronavirus disease, DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern, E protein, envelope protein, E-5′-NT, ecto-5′-nucleotidase, E-NPP, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase, ENT, balanced nucleoside transporters, E-NTPDase, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, GABA, γ-amino butyric acid, G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, H1N1, influenza type A subtype H1N1 virus, HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor, ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, IFN-I, type I interferon, IFN-γ, interferon gamma, IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta, IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, M protein, membrane protein, MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome, MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I, MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex class II, MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1-alpha, N protein, nucleocapsid protein, NAc, nucleus accumbens, NET, neutrophil extracellular traps, NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3, P1, type 1 purinergic receptor, P2, type 2 purinergic receptor, S protein, spike protein, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, Treatment, coronavirus disease, SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation, ACE2, pandemic, Pneumonia, severity, Infection, Lung disease, cytokine, immune system, cough, virus, immune, Replication, Protein, Fever, death, immune cells, receptors, respiratory tract, receptor, mechanism, binding, Signaling, Interaction, Trigger, acute respiratory syndrome, Activation, Abstract, modulation, tissue, enzyme, viral surface, etiological agent, single-stranded RNA virus, difficulty breathing, organ, Defense, infecting, effective, responsible, involved, the disease, characterized, expressed, reduce, the Coronaviridae, alveolar epithelial cell, “cytokine storm”, with COVID-19, 【제목키워드】 SARS-COV-2 infection, receptor, tissue, targeting, suppress, the cytokine storm,