Abstract
The presence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 correlates with protection against infection and severe COVID-19 disease courses. Understanding the dynamics of antibody development against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is important for recommendations on vaccination strategies and on control of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the dynamics and extent of α-Spike-Ab development by different vaccines manufactured by Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. On day 1 after vaccination, we observed a temporal low-grade inflammatory response. α-Spike-Ab titers were reduced after six months of vaccination with mRNA vaccines and increased 14 days after booster vaccinations to a maximum that exceeded titers from mild and critical COVID-19 and Long-COVID patients. Within the group of critical COVID-19 patients, we observed a trend for lower α-Spike-Ab titers in the group of patients who survived COVID-19. This trend accompanied higher numbers of pro-B cells, fewer mature B cells and a higher frequency of T follicular helper cells. Finally, we present data demonstrating that past infection with mild COVID-19 does not lead to long-term increased Ab titers and that even the group of previously infected SARS-CoV-2 patients benefit from a vaccination six months after the infection.
Keywords: Long-COVID; SARS-CoV-2; antibody response; inflammation; lymphocytes; vaccination.
【저자키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation, vaccination, Lymphocytes, Antibody Response, long-COVID, 【초록키워드】 COVID-19, neutralizing antibody, Vaccine, vaccination, antibody, mRNA vaccine, COVID-19 pandemic, Infection, B cell, cells, understanding, Mild, Critical, patients, Pfizer-BioNTech, severe COVID-19 disease, AstraZeneca, Moderna, booster vaccination, Inflammatory response, Frequency, Vaccination strategy, critical COVID-19 patients, Johnson & Johnson, courses, recommendation, benefit, reduced, exceeded, accompanied, follicular, patients who survived, SARS-CoV-2 patient, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 【제목키워드】 titer, Comparative, regime, the Spike,