Abstract
Global vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus has proved to be highly effective. However, the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) upon vaccination remains underinvestigated. Here, we aimed to theoretically determine conditions for the occurrence of ADE in COVID-19. We developed a series of mathematical models of antibody response: model Ab-a model of antibody formation; model Cv-a model of infection spread in the body; and a complete model, which combines the two others. The models describe experimental data on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and cell cultures, including viral load dynamics, seroconversion times and antibody concentration kinetics. The modelling revealed that a significant proportion of macrophages can become infected only if they bind antibodies with high probability. Thus, a high probability of macrophage infection and a sufficient amount of pre-existing antibodies are necessary for the development of ADE in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, from the point of view of the dynamics of pneumocyte infection, the two cases where the body has a high concentration of preexisting antibodies and a high probability of macrophage infection and where there is a low concentration of antibodies in the body and no macrophage infection are indistinguishable. This conclusion could explain the lack of confirmed ADE cases for COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antibody-dependent enhancement; computational modeling.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Antibody-dependent enhancement, computational modeling., 【초록키워드】 Macrophage, vaccination, antibody, SARS-CoV, SARS-COV-2 infection, Human, Infection, Spread, Probability, Viral load, ADE, Concentration, computational modeling, cell cultures, Complete, effective, Occurrence, seroconversion time, lack, proportion, condition, determine, explain, mathematical, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 【제목키워드】 ADE, explanation, enhancement,