Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been recommended for liver transplant (LT) recipients. However, our understanding of inactivated vaccine stimulation of the immune system in regulating humoral and cellular immunity among LT recipients is inadequate. Forty-six LT recipients who received two-dose inactivated vaccines according to the national vaccination schedule were enrolled. The clinical characteristics, antibody responses, single-cell peripheral immune profiling, and plasma cytokine/chemokine/growth factor levels were recorded. Sixteen (34.78%) LT recipients with positive neutralizing antibody (nAb) were present in the Type 1 group. Fourteen and 16 LT recipients with undetected nAb were present in the Type 2 and Type 3 groups, respectively. Time from transplant and lymphocyte count were different among the three groups. The levels of anti-RBD and anti-S1S2 decreased with decreasing neutralizing inhibition rates. Compared to the Type 2 and Type 3 groups, the Type 1 group had an enhanced innate immune response. The proportions of B, DNT, and CD3+CD19+ cells were increased in the Type 1 group, whereas monocytes and CD4+ T cells were decreased. High CD19, high CD8+CD45RA+ cells, and low effector memory CD4+/naïve CD4+ cells of the T-cell populations were present in the Type 1 group. The Type 1 group had higher concentrations of plasma CXCL10, MIP-1 beta, and TNF-alpha. No severe adverse events were reported in all LT recipients. We identified the immune responses induced by inactivated vaccines among LT recipients and provided insights into the identification of immunotypes associated with the responders.
Keywords: CD3+ CD19+ cell; CXCL10; SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines; liver transplant recipient; neutralizing antibodies.
【저자키워드】 CXCL10, SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines, neutralizing antibodies., liver transplant recipient, CD3+ CD19+ cell, 【초록키워드】 neutralizing antibody, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, vaccination, innate immune response, Clinical characteristics, Neutralizing antibodies, antibody, immune system, Population, monocyte, Lymphocyte count, Inactivated vaccine, cellular immunity, cells, immune profiling, plasma, Neutralizing, T-cell, TNF-alpha, liver, single-cell, CD4+ T cell, inactivated, NAb, Concentration, anti-RBD, humoral, CD19, recipients, three groups, responders, immunotype, National, positive, recipient, CD19+, CD3+, effector memory, vaccination schedule, CD4+ cell, responses, time, Cell, enrolled, proportion, reported, provided, groups, Type, were recorded, DNT, severe adverse event, 【제목키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, immune response, immunogenicity, Inactivated vaccine, liver, recipient,