Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can progress to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and is aggravated by the deregulation of the immune system causing an excessive inflammation including the cytokine storm.
Methods: In this study, we report that severe acutely infected patients have high levels of both type-1 and type-2 cytokines.
Results: Our results show abnormal cytokine levels upon T-cell stimulation, in a nonpolarized profile. Furthermore, our findings indicate that this hyperactive cytokine response is associated with a significantly increased frequency of late-differentiated T cells with particular phenotype of effector exhausted/senescent CD28-CD57+ cells. Of note, we demonstrated for the first time an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+CD28-CD57+ T cells with expression of programmed death 1, one of the hallmarks of T-cell exhaustion.
Conclusions: These findings reveal that COVID-19 is associated with acute immunodeficiency, especially within the CD4+ T-cell compartment, and points to possible mechanisms of loss of clonal repertoire and susceptibility to viral relapse and reinfection events.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; exhausted/senescent T cells; immunopathology.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immunopathology., exhausted/senescent T cells, 【초록키워드】 Coronavirus disease 2019, Cytokines, Respiratory failure, susceptibility, immunodeficiency, immunopathology, immune system, Reinfection, T cell, cells, death, phenotype, T-cell, severe pneumonia, expression, T-cell exhaustion, mechanism, Frequency, cytokine response, excessive inflammation, hallmark, deregulation, CD4+ T-cell, significantly increased, events, demonstrated, infected patient, cytokine level, the cytokine storm, 【제목키워드】 response, effector, Ill,