Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role and relationship between the cytokine profile and protective vitamin D by measuring their serum levels in COVID-19 intensive care unit patients with severe illnesses. A total of 74 patients were included in our study. Patients were divided into two groups. Patients in the COVID-19 group (n = 31) and individuals without a history of serious illness or infection were used as the control group (n = 43). The serum concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Levels of serum vitamin D were detected with Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodologies. TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, and vitamin D levels were measured in all patients. The serum cytokine levels in the COVID-19 patient group were significantly higher (151.59 ± 56.50, 140.37 ± 64.32, 249.02 ± 62.84, 129.04 ± 31.64, and 123.58 ± 24.49, respectively) than control groups. Serum vitamin D was also significantly low (6.82 ± 3.29) in patients in the COVID-19 group than the controls (21.96 ± 5.39). Regarding the correlation of vitamin D with cytokine levels, it was significantly variable. Our study shows that COVID-19 patients are associated with lower serum vitamin D and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with increased virus presence. Our data provide more evidence of the anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients and the protective effects of vitamin D on risk were demonstrated.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; cytokines storm; pro-inflammatory cytokines; vitamin D.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Vitamin D, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Cytokines storm, 【초록키워드】 intensive care, IL-6, Infection, risk, cytokine, virus, serum, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Patient, Control, IL-10, correlation, patients, IL-1, cytokine levels, cytokine profile, protective effect, Protective, TNF-α, IL-21, Evidence, Concentration, COVID-19 patient, tumor necrosis factor-α, control group, two groups, Serum level, individual, control groups, vitamin D level, pro-inflammatory cytokine, COVID-19 group, liquid, anti-inflammatory effect, illnesses, pro-inflammatory, serum vitamin D, significantly, investigated, were used, demonstrated, significantly higher, Level, were measured, serum cytokine level, 【제목키워드】 Protective, vitamin D level, Severe case, serum cytokine,