Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative infectious agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to multiple (4-6) waves of infections worldwide during the past two years. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has led to successful mass immunizations worldwide, mitigating the worldwide mortality due the pandemic to a great extent. Yet the evolution of new variants highlights a need to develop a universal vaccine which can prevent infections from all virulent SARS-CoV-2. Most of the current first generation COVID-19 vaccines are based on the Spike protein from the original Wuhan-hu-1 virus strain. It is encouraging that they still protect from serious illnesses, hospitalizations and mortality against a number of mutated viral strains, to varying degrees. Understanding the mechanisms by which these vaccines provide heterologous protection against multiple highly mutated variants can reveal strategies to develop a universal vaccine. In addition, many unexposed individuals have been found to harbor T cells that are cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 antigens, with a possible protective role. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of natural or vaccine-induced heterologous (cross-reactive) adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, and their role in achieving the concept of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; heterologous immunity; pan-coronavirus vaccine; universal vaccine development.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, heterologous immunity, pan-coronavirus vaccine, universal vaccine development., 【초록키워드】 Evolution, Vaccine, Vaccine development, COVID-19 vaccine, pandemic, Mortality, adaptive, Immunity, Hospitalization, COVID-19 pandemic, variant, Infection, immunization, Protein, T cell, understanding, mechanism, Heterologous, SARS-CoV-2 antigens, cross-reactive, viral strains, acute respiratory syndrome, other coronaviruses, individual, protective role, illnesses, virulent, MOST, virus strain, Prevent, highlight, PROTECT, develop, addition, mutated, the Spike, mutated variant, 【제목키워드】 Vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, Immunity,