Background Recent studies indicate that, in addition to antibody production, lymphocyte responses to SARS-CoV-2 may play an important role in protective immunity to COVID-19 and a percentage of the general population may exhibit lymphocyte memory due to unknown/asymptomatic exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or cross-reactivity to other more common coronaviruses pre-vaccination. Total joint replacement (TJR) candidates returning to elective surgeries (median age 68 years) may exhibit similar lymphocyte and/or antibody protection to COVID-19 prior to vaccination Methods In this retrospective study, we analyzed antibody titters, lymphocyte memory, and inflammatory biomarkers specific for the Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a cohort of n=73 returning TJR candidates (knees and/or hips) pre-operatively. Results Peripheral blood serum of TJR candidate patients exhibited a positivity rate of 18.4% and 4% for IgG antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike proteins, respectively. 13.5% of TJR candidates exhibited positive lymphocyte reactivity (SI > 2) to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and 38% to the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 reactive lymphocytes exhibited a higher production of inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1RA) compared to non-reactive lymphocytes. Conclusions A percentage of TJR candidates returning for elective surgeries exhibit pre-vaccination positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and T cell memory responses with associated pro-inflammatory biomarkers. This is an important parameter for understanding immunity, risk profiles, and may aid pre-operative planning. Trial registration Retrospectively registered.
【저자키워드】 COVID-19, antibodies, Lymphocytes, Total joint arthroplasty, LTT, 【초록키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, vaccination, Lymphocytes, Immunity, antibody, IL-6, risk, SARS-CoV-2 virus, Spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, memory, Peripheral blood, cross-reactivity, Retrospective study, Protein, lymphocyte, serum, Cohort, T cell, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, IgG antibody, SARS-CoV-2 antibody, IgG antibodies, protective immunity, nucleocapsid, response, Patient, General population, Blood, inflammatory biomarkers, IL-1β, Inflammatory biomarker, Spike proteins, Elective surgery, antibody production, exposure to, vaccination Methods, Trial registration, elective surgeries, median age, profiles, Nucleocapsid proteins, IL-1ra, Registered, candidate, TNFα, spike and nucleocapsid proteins, positive, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, T cell memory, parameter, lymphocyte responses, pre-vaccination, pro-inflammatory biomarkers, peripheral, recent, reactive, joint, Result, analyzed, addition, exhibited, coronavirus, the spike protein, reactivity, Total, the Spike, lymphocyte response, the SARS-CoV-2, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 【제목키워드】 SARS-CoV-2, lymphocyte, Inflammatory biomarker, candidate, joint, lymphocyte response,